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A baseball game at in, Highest First played 18th-century Characteristics Contact Limited Team members 9 Mixed gender Yes, separate competitions Type, Equipment Venue Presence Country or region Worldwide (most prominent in the Americas and East Asia):,,,,, and Medal Sport:,, 2020– Baseball is a played between two teams of nine players each who take turns and fielding. The batting team attempts to score by hitting a (that is thrown by the opposing team's ) with a swung by the batter, and then running counter-clockwise around a series of four: first, second, third, and home plate. A run is scored when a player and touches home plate.
Players on the take turns hitting against the pitcher of the, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters in any of several ways. A player on the batting team who reaches a base can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates' turns batting, such as on a or by other means. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins. If scores are tied at the end of nine innings, are usually played. Baseball has no game clock, although most games end in the ninth inning.
Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America,. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the of the United States.
Baseball is currently popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, particularly in,, and. In the United States and Canada, professional (MLB) teams are divided into the (NL) and (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by that culminate in the. The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the and and in Cuba between the. The, organised by, is the major international competition of the sport and attracts the top national teams from around the world. Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America. These games were often referred to locally as ', though other names such as 'round-ball' and 'base-ball' were also used.
Among the earliest examples to receive a detailed description—albeit five decades after the fact, in a letter from an attendee to magazine—took place in, in 1838. There were many similarities to modern baseball, and some crucial differences: five bases (or byes); first bye just 18 feet (5.5 m) from the home bye; batter out if a hit ball was caught after the first bounce.
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The that invented baseball in, in 1839 has been conclusively debunked by sports historians. In 1845,, a member of New York City's, led the codification of the so-called. The practice, common to bat-and-ball games of the day, of 'soaking' or 'plugging'—effecting a by hitting a runner with a thrown ball—was barred. The rules thus facilitated the use of a smaller, harder ball than had been common.
Several other rules also brought the Knickerbockers' game close to the modern one, though a ball caught on the first bounce was, again, an out and only underhand pitching was allowed. While there are reports that the played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. History took place on June 19, 1846, in: the 'New York Nine' defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings. With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half-century. History of baseball in the United States. Main articles: and The game turns professional In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the.
By 1856, local journals were referring to baseball as the 'national pastime' or 'national game.' A year later, sixteen area clubs formed the sport's first governing body, the. In 1858 in,, at the Fashion Race Course, the first games of baseball to charge admission took place. The games, which took place between the all-stars of, including players from the,, Putnams and, and the All-Stars of New York (), including players from the, Gothams (predecessors of the ), Eagles and Empire, are commonly believed to be the first all-star baseball games.
In 1863, the organization disallowed putouts made by catching a on the first bounce. Four years later, it barred participation. The game's commercial potential was developing: in 1869 the first fully professional baseball club, the, was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams. The first professional league, the, lasted from 1871 to 1875; scholars dispute. The more formally structured was founded in 1876. As the oldest surviving major league, the National League is sometimes referred to as the 'senior circuit.' Several other major leagues formed and failed.
In 1884, African American (and, briefly, his brother Welday) played in one of these, the. An injury ended Walker's major league career, and by the early 1890s, a in the form of the effectively barred black players from the white-owned professional leagues, major and minor. Professional formed, but quickly folded.
Several independent African American teams succeeded as. Also in 1884, overhand pitching was legalized. In 1887,, under the name of indoor baseball or indoor-outdoor, was invented as a winter version of the parent game. Virtually all of the modern were in place by 1893; the last major change—counting as —was instituted in 1901. The National League's first successful counterpart, the, which evolved from the minor, was established that year. The two leagues, each with eight teams, were rivals that fought for the best players, often disregarding each other's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes.
The NL champion baseball team, 1913., sixth in line, had committed a gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous as. A modicum of peace was eventually established, leading to the National Agreement of 1903.
The pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country's. The, pitting the two major league champions against each other, was inaugurated that fall, albeit without express major league sanction: The of the American League defeated the of the National League. The next year, the series was not held, as the National League champion, under, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion.
In 1905, the Giants were National League champions again and team management relented, leading to the establishment of the World Series as the major leagues' annual championship event. As professional baseball became increasingly profitable, players frequently raised grievances against owners over issues of control and equitable income distribution. During the major leagues' early decades, players on various teams occasionally attempted, which routinely failed when their jobs were sufficiently threatened. In general, the strict rules of baseball contracts and the, which bound players to their teams even when their contracts had ended, tended to keep the players in check. Motivated by dislike for particularly stingy owner and gamblers' payoffs, real and promised, members of the conspired to the. The led to the formation of a new National Commission of baseball that drew the two major leagues closer together. The first,, was elected in 1920.
That year also saw the founding of the; the first significant Negro league, it would operate until 1931. For part of the 1920s, it was joined by the. Professional baseball was played in northeastern cities with a large immigrant-ethnic population; they gave strong support to the new sport.
The dominated in the late 19th century, comprising a third or more of the players and many of the top stars and managers. Historian Jerrold Casway argues that: Baseball for Irish kids was a shortcut to the American dream and to self-indulgent glory and fortune. By the mid-1880s these young Irish men dominated the sport and popularized a style of play that was termed heady, daring, and spontaneous. Personified the flamboyant, exciting spectator-favorite, the, Irish slugger.
The handsome masculine athlete who is expected to live as large as he played. Rise of Ruth and racial integration.
In 1920, the year he joined the Compared with the present, professional baseball in the early 20th century was lower-scoring, and pitchers, including stars and, were more dominant. The ', which demanded that players 'scratch for runs', was played much more aggressively than it is today: the brilliant and often violent epitomized this style. The so-called ended in the early 1920s with several changes in rule and circumstance that were advantageous to hitters. Strict new regulations governing the ball's size, shape and composition, along with a new rule officially banning the and other pitches that depended on the ball being treated or roughed-up with foreign substances, followed the death of after a pitch struck him in the head in August 1920. Coupled with superior materials available after World War I, this resulted in a ball that traveled farther when hit. The construction of additional seating to accommodate the rising popularity of the game often had the effect of reducing the distance to the outfield fences, making more common.
The rise of the legendary player, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, invested in several and developed the first modern '. A new was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the.
The to the took place in 1936. In 1939 was founded in Pennsylvania. By the late 1940s, it was the organizing body for across the United States.
In 1945, with the era's, a squad associated with the 's With America's entry into World War II, many professional players had left to serve in the armed forces. A large number of minor league teams disbanded as a result and the major league game seemed under threat as well.
Owner led the formation of a new professional league with women players to help keep the game in the public eye – the existed from 1943 to 1954. The inaugural was held in 1947, and the youth program was founded. This program soon became another important organizing body for children's baseball. The first crack in the unwritten agreement barring blacks from white-controlled professional ball occurred the previous year: was signed by the National League's —where Branch Rickey had become general manager—and began playing for their minor league.
In 1947, Robinson broke the major leagues' color barrier when he debuted with the Dodgers; debuted with the American League's later the same year. Latin American players, largely overlooked before, also started entering the majors in greater numbers. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-born and black Cuban-born, became the first Hispanic. Facing competition as varied as television and, baseball attendance at all levels declined. While the majors rebounded by the mid-1950s, the minor leagues were gutted and hundreds of semipro and amateur teams dissolved. Proceeded slowly: by 1953, only six of the 16 major league teams had a black player on the roster.
That year, the was founded. It was the first professional baseball union to survive more than briefly, but it remained largely ineffective for years. No major league team had been located west of until 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated to and, respectively. The majors' final all-white bastion, the, added a black player in 1959. With the integration of the majors drying up the available pool of players, the last Negro league folded the following year. In 1961, the American League reached the West Coast with the, and the major league season was extended from 154 games to 162.
This coincidentally helped break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams.
Attendance records and the age of steroids. In May 2010, the ' pitched the 20th major league. That October, he pitched only the second in MLB postseason history. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former chief economist and negotiator, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an effort to restore balance, the was reduced and the height of the was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted.
Also that same year, of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In another effort to add more offense to the game, the American League adopted the rule the following year. In 1975, the union's power—and players' salaries—began to increase greatly when the reserve clause was, leading to the. In 1977, two more expansion teams joined the American League.
Significant work stoppages occurred again in and, the latter forcing the cancellation of the World Series for the first time in 90 years. Attendance had been growing steadily since the mid-1970s and in 1994, before the stoppage, the majors were setting their all-time record for per-game attendance. The addition of two more expansion teams after the 1993 season had facilitated another restructuring of the major leagues, this time into three divisions each. Offensive production—the number of home runs in particular—had surged that year, and again in the abbreviated 1994 season. After play resumed in 1995, this trend continued and non-division-winning teams became a permanent fixture of the post-season.
Regular-season was introduced in 1997 and the second-highest attendance mark for a full season was set. The next year, and Maris's decades-old single-season home run record, and two more expansion franchises were added. In 2000, the National and American Leagues were dissolved as legal entities.
While their identities were maintained for scheduling purposes (and the designated hitter distinction), the regulations and other functions—such as player discipline and supervision—they had administered separately were consolidated under the rubric of (MLB). In 2001, established the current record of 73 home runs in a single season. There had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by (as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion), but the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty for the use of performance-enhancing drugs before 2004.
In 2007, Bonds became MLB's all-time home run leader, surpassing, as total major league and minor league attendance both reached all-time highs. Even though McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds—as well as many other players, including storied pitcher —have been implicated in the, their feats and those of other sluggers had become the major leagues' defining attraction. In contrast to the professional game's resurgence in popularity after the 1994 interruption, Little League enrollment was in decline: after peaking in 1996, it dropped 1 percent a year over the following decade. With more rigorous testing and penalties for performance-enhancing drug use a possible factor, the balance between bat and ball swung markedly in 2010, which became known as the 'Year of the Pitcher'.
Runs per game fell to their lowest level in 18 years, and the strikeout rate was higher than it had been in half a century. Before the start of the 2012 season, MLB altered its rules to double the number of wild card teams admitted into the playoffs to two per league.
The playoff expansion resulted in the addition of annual between the wild card teams in each league. Baseball around the world. Baseball, widely known as America's pastime, is well established in several other countries as well. The history of baseball in Canada has remained closely linked with that of the sport in the United States. As early as 1877, a professional league, the, featured teams from both countries.
While baseball is widely played in Canada and many minor league teams have been based in the country, the American major leagues did not include a Canadian club until 1969, when the joined the National League as an expansion team. In 1977, the expansion joined the American League. The Blue Jays won the World Series in 1992 and 1993, the first and still the only club from outside the United States to do so. After the 2004 season, Major League Baseball relocated the Expos to Washington, D.C., where the team is now known as the. The of the, an team in, during the bottom of the 4th inning with two outs and the home team leading 6-4. A game is played between two teams, each composed of nine players, that take turns playing offense ( and ) and defense ( and fielding). A pair of turns, one at bat and one in the field, by each team constitutes an.
A game consists of nine innings (seven innings at the high school level and in in college and minor leagues). One team—customarily the visiting team—bats in the top, or first half, of every inning. The other team—customarily the home team—bats in the bottom, or second half, of every inning. The goal of the game is to score more points () than the other team. The players on the team at bat attempt to score runs by circling or completing a tour of the four bases set at the corners of the square-shaped. A player bats at and must proceed to first base, second base, third base, and back home in order to score a run. The team in the field attempts both to prevent runs from scoring and to record, which remove opposing players from offensive action until their turn in their team's comes up again.
When three outs are recorded, the teams switch roles for the next half-inning. If the score of the game is tied after nine innings, are played to resolve the contest. Many amateur games, particularly unorganized ones, involve different numbers of players and innings. Diagram of a (the term diamond may be used to refer to the square area defined by the four bases or to the entire playing field).
The dimensions given are for professional and professional-style games. Children often play on smaller fields. The game is played on a field whose primary boundaries, the foul lines, extend forward from home plate at 45-degree angles.
The 90-degree area within the foul lines is referred to as fair territory; the 270-degree area outside them is foul territory. The part of the field enclosed by the bases and several yards beyond them is the; the area farther beyond the infield is the. In the middle of the infield is a raised pitcher's mound, with a rectangular rubber plate (the rubber) at its center. The outer boundary of the outfield is typically demarcated by a raised fence, which may be of any material and height (many amateur games are played on unfenced fields). The fair territory between home plate and the outfield boundary is baseball's field of play, though significant events can take place in foul territory, as well. There are three basic tools of baseball: the, the, and the: • The baseball is about the size of an adult's fist, around 9 inches (23 centimeters) in circumference.
It has a rubber or cork center, wound in yarn and covered in white cowhide, with red stitching. • The bat is a hitting tool, traditionally made of a single, solid piece of wood. Other materials are now commonly used for nonprofessional games.
It is a hard round stick, about 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters) in diameter at the hitting end, tapering to a narrower handle and culminating in a knob. Bats used by adults are typically around 34 inches (86 centimeters) long, and not longer than 42 inches (106 centimeters).
• The glove or mitt is a fielding tool, made of padded leather with webbing between the fingers. As an aid in catching and holding onto the ball, it takes various shapes to meet the specific needs of different fielding positions.
Protective are also standard equipment for all batters. At the beginning of each half-inning, the nine players on the fielding team arrange themselves around the field. One of them, the, stands on the pitcher's mound. The pitcher begins the pitching delivery with one foot on the rubber, pushing off it to gain velocity when throwing toward home plate. Another player, the, squats on the far side of home plate, facing the pitcher.
The rest of the team faces home plate, typically arranged as four infielders—who set up along or within a few yards outside the imaginary lines (basepaths) between first, second, and third base—and three outfielders. In the, there is a positioned several steps to the left of first base, a to the right of second base, a to the left of second base, and a to the right of third base. The basic outfield positions are,, and. With the exception of the catcher, all fielders are required to be in fair territory when the pitch is delivered. A neutral sets up behind the catcher. Other umpires will be distributed around the field as well, though the number will vary depending on the level of play; amateur or children's games may only have an umpire behind the plate, while as many as six umpires can be used for important major league games.
The batter, awaiting a pitch, with the catcher and umpire Play starts with a batter standing at home plate, holding a bat. The batter waits for the pitcher to throw a pitch (the ball) toward home plate, and attempts to hit the ball with the bat.
The catcher catches pitches that the batter does not hit—as a result of either electing not to swing or failing to connect—and returns them to the pitcher. A batter who hits the ball into the field of play must drop the bat and begin running toward first base, at which point the player is referred to as a runner (or, until the play is over, a batter-runner). A batter-runner who reaches first base without being (see below) is said to be and is now on base. A batter-runner may choose to remain at first base or attempt to advance to second base or even beyond—however far the player believes can be reached safely. A player who reaches base despite proper play by the fielders has recorded a. A player who reaches first base safely on a hit is credited with a.
If a player makes it to second base safely as a direct result of a hit, it is a; third base, a. If the ball is hit in the air within the foul lines over the entire outfield (and outfield fence, if there is one), or otherwise safely circles all the bases, it is a: the batter and any runners on base may all freely circle the bases, each scoring a run. This is the most desirable result for the batter. A player who reaches base due to a fielding mistake is not credited with a hit—instead, the responsible fielder is charged with an.
Any runners already on base may attempt to advance on batted balls that land, or contact the ground, in fair territory, before or after the ball lands. A runner on first base must attempt to advance if a ball lands in play. If a ball hit into play rolls foul before passing through the infield, it becomes and any runners must return to the base they were at when the play began. If the ball is hit in the air and caught before it lands, the batter has and any runners on base may attempt to advance only if they or touch the base they were at when the play began, as or after the ball is caught.
Runners may also attempt to advance to the next base while the pitcher is in the process of delivering the ball to home plate—a successful effort is a. A pitch that is not hit into the field of play is called either a strike or a ball. A batter against whom three strikes are recorded.
A batter against whom four balls are recorded is awarded a or walk, a free advance to first base. (A batter may also freely advance to first base if the batter's body or uniform is struck by a pitch outside the strike zone, provided the batter does not swing and attempts to avoid being hit.) Crucial to determining balls and strikes is the umpire's judgment as to whether a pitch has passed through the, a conceptual area above home plate extending from the midpoint between the batter's shoulders and belt down to the hollow of the knee. A strike is called when one of the following happens: • The batter lets a well-pitched ball (one within the strike zone) go through to the catcher. • The batter swings at any ball (even one outside the strike zone) and misses, or it directly into the catcher's hands. • The batter hits a —one that either initially lands in foul territory or initially lands within the diamond but moves into foul territory before passing first or third base. If there are already two strikes on the batter, a foul ball is not counted as a third strike; thus, a foul ball cannot result in the immediate strikeout of the batter.
(There is an exception to this exception: a two-strike foul is recorded as a third strike.) A ball is called when the pitcher throws a pitch that is outside the strike zone, provided the batter has not swung at it. A tries to a runner who is sliding headfirst, attempting to reach second base. While the team at bat is trying to score runs, the team in the field is attempting to record outs. Among the various ways a member of the batting team may be put out, five are most common: • The: as described above, recorded against a batter who makes three strikes before putting the ball into play or being awarded a free advance to first base (see also ). • The: as described above, recorded against a batter who hits a ball in the air that is caught by a fielder, whether in fair territory or foul territory, before it lands, whether or not the batter has run.
• The: recorded against a batter (in this case, batter-runner) who hits a ball that lands in fair territory which, before the batter-runner can reach first base, is retrieved by a fielder who touches first base while holding the ball or relays it to another fielder who touches first base while holding the ball. • The: recorded against a runner who is required to attempt to advance—either because the runner is on first base and a batted ball lands in fair territory, or because the runner immediately behind on the basepath is thus required to attempt to advance—but fails to reach the next base before a fielder touches the base while holding the ball. The ground out is technically a special case of the force out. • The: recorded against a runner who is touched by a fielder with the ball or a glove holding the ball, while the runner is not touching a base. It is possible to record two outs in the course of the same play. This is called a. Even three outs in one play, a, is possible, though this is very rare.
Players put out or retired must leave the field, returning to their team's or bench. A runner may be stranded on base when a third out is recorded against another player on the team.
Stranded runners do not benefit the team in its next turn at bat as every half-inning begins with the bases empty of runners. An individual player's turn batting or is complete when the player reaches base, hits a home run, makes an out, or hits a ball that results in the team's third out, even if it is recorded against a teammate.
On rare occasions, a batter may be at the plate when, without the batter's hitting the ball, a third out is recorded against a teammate—for instance, a runner getting (tagged out attempting to steal a base). A batter with this sort of incomplete plate appearance starts off the team's next turn batting; any balls or strikes recorded against the batter the previous inning are erased. A runner may circle the bases only once per plate appearance and thus can score at most a single run per batting turn. Once a player has completed a plate appearance, that player may not bat again until the eight other members of the player's team have all taken their turn at bat.
The batting order is set before the game begins, and may not be altered except for substitutions. Once a player has been removed for a substitute, that player may not reenter the game. Children's games often have more liberal substitution rules. If the (DH) rule is in effect, each team has a tenth player whose sole responsibility is to bat (and run). The DH takes the place of another player—almost invariably the pitcher—in the batting order, but does not field. Thus, even with the DH, each team still has a batting order of nine players and a fielding arrangement of nine players.
Defensive positions on a baseball field, with abbreviations and scorekeeper's position numbers (not uniform numbers) Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play. Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters. Warming up, overseen by a. A will often have both a right-handed and a left-handed reliever warm up to maximize strategic options.
The, or head coach of a team, oversees the team's major strategic decisions, such as establishing the starting rotation, setting the lineup, or batting order, before each game, and making substitutions during games—in particular, bringing in relief pitchers. Managers are typically assisted by two or more; they may have specialized responsibilities, such as working with players on hitting, fielding, pitching, or strength and conditioning.
At most levels of organized play, two coaches are stationed on the field when the team is at bat: the first base coach and third base coach, occupying designated coaches' boxes just outside the foul lines, assist in the direction of baserunners when the ball is in play, and relay tactical signals from the manager to batters and runners during pauses in play. In contrast to many other team sports, baseball managers and coaches generally wear their team's uniforms; coaches must be in uniform in order to be allowed on the field to confer with players during a game.
Any baseball game involves one or more, who make rulings on the outcome of each play. At a minimum, one umpire will stand behind the catcher, to have a good view of the strike zone, and call balls and strikes. Additional umpires may be stationed near the other bases, thus making it easier to judge plays such as attempted force outs and tag outs. In Major League Baseball, four umpires are used for each game, one near each base. In the playoffs, six umpires are used: one at each base and two in the outfield along the foul lines. Strategy and tactics. See also: Many of the pre-game and in-game strategic decisions in baseball revolve around a fundamental fact: in general, right-handed batters tend to be more successful against left-handed pitchers and, to an even greater degree, left-handed batters tend to be more successful against right-handed pitchers.
A manager with several left-handed batters in the regular lineup who knows the team will be facing a left-handed starting pitcher may respond by starting one or more of the right-handed backups on the team's roster. During the late innings of a game, as relief pitchers and pinch hitters are brought in, the opposing managers will often go back and forth trying to create favorable matchups with their substitutions: the manager of the fielding team trying to arrange same-handed pitcher-batter matchups, the manager of the batting team trying to arrange opposite-handed matchups. With a team that has the lead in the late innings, a manager may remove a starting position player—especially one whose turn at bat is not likely to come up again—for a more skillful fielder. Furthermore, unlike players in most team sports, baseball players can not return to a game after being replaced; this creates a greater risk when making lineup changes, especially as a team's pitching staff may be increasingly depleted in the late innings of a game, particularly one which goes into multiple extra innings.
Pitching and fielding tactics. A receives a throw, as the runner dives back to first base. The tactical decision that precedes almost every play in a baseball game involves pitch selection. By gripping and then releasing the baseball in a certain manner, and by throwing it at a certain speed, pitchers can cause the baseball to break to either side, or downward, as it approaches the batter. Among the resulting wide variety of pitches that may be thrown, the four basic types are the, the (or off-speed pitch), and two —the and the. Pitchers have different repertoires of pitches they are skillful at throwing. Conventionally, before each pitch, the catcher signals the pitcher what type of pitch to throw, as well as its general vertical and/or horizontal location.
If there is disagreement on the selection, the pitcher may and the catcher will call for a different pitch. With a runner on base and, the pitcher may attempt a, a quick throw to a fielder to keep the runner's lead in check or, optimally, effect a tag out. Pickoff attempts, however, are subject to rules that severely restrict the pitcher's movements before and during the pickoff attempt. Violation of any one of these rules could result in the umpire calling a against the pitcher, with the result being runners on base, if any, advance one base with impunity. If an attempted is anticipated, the catcher may call for a, a ball thrown deliberately off the plate, allowing the catcher to catch it while standing and throw quickly to a base.
Facing a batter with a strong tendency to hit to one side of the field, the fielding team may employ a, with most or all of the fielders moving to the left or right of their usual positions. With a runner on third base, the infielders may, moving closer to home plate to improve the odds of throwing out the runner on a, though a sharply hit grounder is more likely to carry through a drawn-in infield.
Batting and baserunning tactics. A batter squares to bunt, moving his hands up the barrel of the bat to increase his control and deaden the ball on impact. Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base, including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base. The is sometimes employed with a skillful: the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base, creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through.
The calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield, allowing the runner to advance into even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first—a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice. (A batter, particularly one who is a fast runner, may also attempt to for a hit.) A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base, aimed at bringing that runner home, is known as a.
With a runner on third and fewer than two outs, a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that, even if it is caught, will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score—a successful batter, in this case, gets credit for a. The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is (i.e., has more balls than strikes) to, or not swing at, the next pitch.
Distinctive elements Baseball has certain attributes that set it apart from the other popular team sports in the countries where it has a following. All of these sports use a clock; in all of them, play is less individual and more collective; and in none of them is the variation between playing fields nearly as substantial or important. The demonstrates that many of baseball's distinctive elements are shared in various ways with its cousin sports. Ranorex License Key Generator.
No clock to kill. A well-worn baseball In clock-limited sports, games often end with a team that holds the lead rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team. In contrast, baseball has no clock; a team cannot win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time.
At almost any turn in any baseball game, the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy. In contrast, again, the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day and: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss. Baseball offers no such reward for conservative batting. While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball, the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years. At the turn of the 20th century, games typically took an hour and a half to play.
In the 1920s, they averaged just less than two hours, which eventually ballooned to 2:38 in 1960. By 1997, the average American League game lasted 2:57 (National League games were about 10 minutes shorter—pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters).
In 2004, Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of 2:45. By 2014, though, the average MLB game took over three hours to complete. The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half-innings for television commercials, increased offense, more pitching changes, and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery, and batters stepping out of the box more frequently. Other leagues have experienced similar issues. In 2008, took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade's average of 3:18. In 2016, the average nine-inning playoff game in Major League baseball was 3 hours and 35 minutes.
This up 10 minutes from 2015 and up 21 minutes from 2014. Individual focus Although baseball is a team sport, individual players are often placed under scrutiny and pressure. In 1915, a baseball instructional manual pointed out that every single pitch, of which there are often more than two hundred in a game, involves an individual, one-on-one contest: 'the pitcher and the batter in a battle of wits'. Contrasting the game with both football and basketball, scholar argues that 'baseball is the one closest in evolutionary descent to the older individual sports'. Pitcher, batter, and fielder all act essentially independent of each other. While coaching staffs can signal pitcher or batter to pursue certain tactics, the execution of the play itself is a series of solitary acts.
If the batter hits a line drive, the outfielder is solely responsible for deciding to try to catch it or play it on the bounce and for succeeding or failing. The statistical precision of baseball is both facilitated by this isolation and reinforces it. As described by Mandelbaum, It is impossible to isolate and objectively assess the contribution each [football] team member makes to the outcome of the play. [E]very basketball player is interacting with all of his teammates all the time. In baseball, by contrast, every player is more or less on his own.
Baseball is therefore a realm of complete transparency and total responsibility. A baseball player lives in a glass house, and in a stark moral universe. Everything that every player does is accounted for and everything accounted for is either good or bad, right or wrong. Cricket is more similar to baseball than many other team sports in this regard: while the individual focus in cricket is mitigated by the importance of the and the practicalities of tandem running, it is enhanced by the fact that a batsman may occupy the for an hour or much more.
There is no statistical equivalent in cricket for the fielding error and thus less emphasis on personal responsibility in this area of play. Uniqueness of each baseball park. A batter and a catcher. Unlike those of most sports, baseball playing fields can vary significantly in size and shape. While the dimensions of the infield are specifically regulated, the only constraint on outfield size and shape for professional teams following the rules of Major League and Minor League Baseball is that fields built or remodeled since June 1, 1958, must have a minimum distance of 325 feet (99 m) from home plate to the fences in left and right field and 400 feet (122 m) to center. Major league teams often skirt even this rule.
For example, at, which became the home of the in 2000, the in left field are only 315 feet (96 m) from home plate. There are no rules at all that address the height of fences or other structures at the edge of the outfield. The most famously idiosyncratic outfield boundary is the left-field wall at Boston's, in use since 1912: the is 310 feet (94 m) from home plate down the line and 37 feet (11 m) tall.
Similarly, there are no regulations at all concerning the dimensions of foul territory. Thus a foul fly ball may be entirely out of play in a park with little space between the foul lines and the stands, but a foulout in a park with more expansive foul ground. A fence in foul territory that is close to the outfield line will tend to direct balls that strike it back toward the fielders, while one that is farther away may actually prompt more collisions, as outfielders run full speed to field balls deep in the corner.
These variations can make the difference between a double and a triple. The surface of the field is also unregulated.
While the adjacent image shows a traditional field surfacing arrangement (and the one used by virtually all MLB teams with naturally surfaced fields), teams are free to decide what areas will be grassed or bare. Some fields—including several in MLB—use an artificial surface, such as. Surface variations can have a significant effect on how ground balls behave and are fielded as well as on baserunning. Similarly, the presence of a roof (seven major league teams play in stadiums with permanent or retractable roofs) can greatly affect how fly balls are played.
While football and soccer players deal with similar variations of field surface and stadium covering, the size and shape of their fields are much more standardized. The area out-of-bounds on a football or soccer field does not affect play the way foul territory in baseball does, so variations in that regard are largely insignificant. These physical variations create a distinctive set of playing conditions at each ballpark. Other local factors, such as altitude and climate, can also significantly affect play. A given stadium may acquire a reputation as a pitcher's park or a hitter's park, if one or the other discipline notably benefits from its unique mix of elements. The most exceptional park in this regard is, home of the.
Its high altitude—5,282 feet (1,610 m) above sea level—is responsible for giving it the strongest hitter's park effect in the major leagues., home of the, is known for its fickle disposition: a hitter's park when the strong winds off are blowing out, it becomes more of a pitcher's park when they are blowing in. The absence of a standardized field affects not only how particular games play out, but the nature of team rosters and players' statistical records. For example, hitting a fly ball 330 feet (100 m) into right field might result in an easy catch on the at one park, and a home run at another. A team that plays in a park with a relatively short right field, such as the New York Yankees, will tend to stock its roster with left-handed, who can best exploit it. On the individual level, a player who spends most of his career with a team that plays in a hitter's park will gain an advantage in batting statistics over time—even more so if his talents are especially suited to the park. Main article: Organized baseball lends itself to to a greater degree than many other sports.
Each play is discrete and has a relatively small number of possible outcomes. In the late 19th century, a former cricket player, English-born of, was responsible for the 'development of the, tabular standings, the annual baseball guide, the, and most of the common statistics and tables used to describe baseball.'
The statistical record is so central to the game's 'historical essence' that Chadwick came to be known as Father Baseball. In the 1920s, American newspapers began devoting more and more attention to baseball statistics, initiating what journalist and historian describes as a 'tectonic shift in sports, as intrigue that once focused mostly on teams began to go to individual players and their statistics lines.' The Official Baseball Rules administered by Major League Baseball require the to categorize each baseball play unambiguously. The rules provide detailed criteria to promote consistency. The is the official basis for both the box score of the game and the relevant statistical records. General managers, managers, and use statistics to evaluate players and make strategic decisions. —the major leagues' all-time leader in runs and stolen bases—stealing third base in a 1988 game Certain traditional statistics are familiar to most baseball fans.
—the holder of many major league career marks, including wins and innings pitched, as well as losses—in 1908. MLB's annual are named for Young. An Afghan girl playing baseball in August 2002 Writing in 1919, philosopher described baseball as America's national religion.
In the words of sports columnist, baseball has long been 'a unique paragon of American culture'—a status he sees as devastated by the steroid abuse scandal. Baseball has an important place in other national cultures as well: Scholar Peter Bjarkman describes 'how deeply the sport is ingrained in the history and culture of a nation such as Cuba, [and] how thoroughly it was radically reshaped and nativized in Japan.' Since the early 1980s, the Dominican Republic, in particular the city of, has been the major leagues' primary source of foreign talent.
Hall-of-Famer remains one of the greatest national heroes in Puerto Rico's history. While baseball has long been the island's primary athletic pastime, its once well-attended professional winter league has declined in popularity since 1990, when young Puerto Rican players began to be included in the major leagues' annual first-year player draft. In the Western Hemisphere, baseball is also one of the leading sports in Canada,, Mexico, the,,, and. In Asia, it is among the most popular sports in, and.
The major league game in the United States was originally targeted toward a middle-class, white-collar audience: relative to other spectator pastimes, the National League's set ticket price of 50 cents in 1876 was high, while the location of playing fields outside the inner city and the workweek daytime scheduling of games were also obstacles to a blue-collar audience. A century later, the situation was very different. With the rise in popularity of other team sports with much higher average ticket prices—football, basketball, and hockey—professional baseball had become among the most blue-collar-oriented of leading American spectator sports. In the late 1900s and early 2000s, baseball's position compared to football in the United States moved in contradictory directions. In 2008, Major League Baseball set a revenue record of $6.5 billion, matching the NFL's revenue for the first time in decades. A new MLB revenue record of $6.6 billion was set in 2009.
On the other hand, the percentage of American sports fans polled who named baseball as their favorite sport was 16%, compared to pro football at 31%. In 1985, the respective figures were pro football 24%, baseball 23%. Because there are so many more major league games played, there is no comparison in overall attendance. In 2008, total attendance at major league games was the second-highest in history: 78.6 million, 0.7% off the record set the previous year. The following year, amid the U.S. Recession, attendance fell by 6.6% to 73.4 million. Attendance at games held under the umbrella also set a record in 2007, with 42.8 million; this figure does not include attendance at games of the several independent minor leagues.
On of the 1961 season, President throws out the first ball. In Japan, where baseball is inarguably the leading spectator team sport, combined revenue for the twelve teams in (NPB), the body that oversees both the Central and Pacific Leagues, was estimated at $1 billion in 2007. Total NPB attendance for the year was approximately 20 million. While in the preceding two decades, MLB attendance grew by 50 percent and revenue nearly tripled, the comparable NPB figures were stagnant.
There are concerns that MLB's growing interest in acquiring star Japanese players will hurt the game in their home country. In Cuba, where baseball is by every reckoning the national sport, the national team overshadows the city and provincial teams that play in the top-level domestic leagues. Revenue figures are not released for the country's amateur system. Similarly, according to one official pronouncement, the sport's governing authority 'has never taken into account attendance. Because its greatest interest has always been the development of athletes'. As of 2007, Little League Baseball oversees more than 7,000 children's baseball leagues with more than 2.2 million participants–2.1 million in the United States and 123,000 in other countries. Babe Ruth League teams have over 1 million participants.
According to the president of the International Baseball Federation, between 300,000 and 500,000 women and girls play baseball around the world, including Little League and the introductory game of. A varsity baseball team is an established part of departments at most high schools and colleges in the United States. In 2008, nearly half a million high schoolers and over 35,000 collegians played on their schools' baseball teams. The number of Americans participating in baseball has declined since the late 1980s, falling well behind the number of soccer participants.
By early in the 20th century, intercollegiate baseball was Japan's leading sport. Today, in particular is immensely popular there. The final rounds of the two annual tournaments—the in the spring, and the even more important in the summer—are broadcast around the country.
The tournaments are known, respectively, as Spring Koshien and Summer Koshien after the where they are played. In Cuba, baseball is a mandatory part of the state system of physical education, which begins at age six. Talented children as young as seven are sent to special district schools for more intensive training—the first step on a ladder whose acme is the national baseball team.
Baseball in popular culture. The 's line of baseball cards featured shortstop of the from 1909 to 1911. In 2007, sold for $2.8 million. Baseball has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the United States and elsewhere.
Dozens of; in particular, the game is the source of a number of widely used. The first networked radio broadcasts in North America were of the: famed sportswriter announced from New York City's on –, which was connected by wire to –, and –. The has become a ubiquitous fashion item not only in the United States and Japan, but also in countries where the sport itself is not particularly popular, such as the United Kingdom. Baseball has inspired many works of art and entertainment. One of the first major examples, 's poem ', appeared in 1888.
A wry description of the failure of a star player in what would now be called a 'clutch situation', the poem became the source of and other staged performances, audio recordings, film adaptations, and an opera, as well as a host of sequels and parodies in various media. There have been many, including the –winning (1942) and the Oscar nominees (1984) and (1989). The 's selection of the ten best sports movies includes The Pride of the Yankees at number 3 and (1988) at number 5. Baseball has provided thematic material for hits on both stage—the – musical —and record—'s 'Slide, Kelly, Slide', 's ', and 's '. The baseball-inspired comedic sketch ', popularized by in 1938, quickly became famous. Six decades later, named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century. Baseball is also featured in various video games including,, and.
Literary works connected to the game include the short fiction of and novels such as 's (the source for the movie), 's, and 's (the source for Field of Dreams). Baseball's literary canon also includes the beat reportage of; the columns of Grantland Rice,,, and; and the essays of.
Among the celebrated nonfiction books in the field are 's, 's, and 's. The 1970 publication of major league pitcher 's tell-all chronicle is considered a turning point in the reporting of professional sports. Baseball has also inspired the creation of new cultural forms. Were introduced in the late 19th century as. A typical example would feature an image of a baseball player on one side and advertising for a business on the other.
In the early 1900s they were produced widely as promotional items by tobacco and confectionery companies. The 1930s saw the popularization of the modern style of baseball card, with a player photograph accompanied on the rear by statistics and biographical data.
Baseball cards—many of which are now prized collectibles—are the source of the much broader industry, involving similar products for different sports and non-sports-related fields. Modern began in 1980 with the invention of by New York writer and several friends. Participants in a Rotisserie league draft notional teams from the list of active Major League Baseball players and play out an entire imaginary season with game outcomes based on the players' latest real-world statistics. Rotisserie-style play quickly became a phenomenon. Now known more generically as, it has inspired similar games based on an array of different sports.
The field boomed with increasing Internet access and new fantasy sports–related websites. Garmin G Tunes Installer Viber here. By 2008, 29.9 million people in the United States and Canada were playing fantasy sports, spending $800 million on the hobby.
The burgeoning popularity of fantasy baseball is also credited with the increasing attention paid to sabermetrics—first among fans, only later among baseball professionals.